| Technology a/ |
Status |
Capital
Cost |
O&M Cost |
Application |
| Bioremediation/Enhanced Biodegradation |
Full/Pilot |
Low |
Moderate |
Primarily for dissolved contaminants. Progress may be limited by NAPL dissolution rate. |
| Bioventing/Biosparging |
Full/Full |
Low/Low |
Low/Low |
Stimulates natural in-situ degradation of biologically-degradable compounds. Success usually is restricted to more uniform sandy units. Channeling and incomplete treatment are common in heterogeneous soils. |
| Chemical Oxidation |
Full/Pilot |
Moderate |
Moderate |
Fenton's reagent and permanganate are commonly used oxidants. Restricted to appropriate geochemical conditions. |
| Cosolvent/ Surfactant Extraction/Flushing |
Full/Pilot |
Low |
High |
Most effective in permeable soils. Must use groundwater extraction and treatment to recover cosolvents/surfactants and contain the plume. |
| Groundwater Extraction and Treatment |
Full |
High |
High |
Primarily a containment method. Progress is limited by NAPL dissolution rates. |
| Natural Attenuation |
Full |
Low |
Low |
Primarily a containment method. Progress is limited by NAPL dissolution rates. |
| Permeable Reactive Barriers/Reactive Zones |
Full/Pilot |
Moderate |
Low |
Primarily a containment method. Progress is limited by NAPL dissolution rates. |
| Physical Removal (Excavation) and Treatment/Disposal |
Full |
High |
Low |
Restricted to upper 40 feet of unsaturated zone. Can be extended below water table with dewatering. |
| Soil-Vapor Extraction (SVE) |
F |
M |
M |
Most effective in permeable soils. Limited success in clay soils. |
| Thermal Heating/Thermal Enhancements |
Full/Pilot |
High |
High |
Thermal treatment options include steam/hot water injection, RF heating, resistive heating. Can be applied in unsaturated or saturated zone. Heating can improve air permeability of clay soils. |
| a/ Based on information from Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable (FRTR) Screening Matrix Table adapted from Parsons (2000a) |
