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| Resource Library > Technology Transfer > Programs and Initiatives > Monitored Natural Attenuation > Protocols and Reports |
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Protocols and Reports
Through detailed natural attenuation evaluations at over 70 sites across the country the Air Force Center for Engineering and the Environment (AFCEE) was instrumental in gaining a better understanding of natural attenuation at the field scale. Based on their work at these sites, AFCEE published several technical guidance documents or protocols including:
- Commonly Asked Questions Regarding the Use of Natural Attenuation for Chlorinated Solvent Spills at Federal Facilities
- Commonly Asked Questions Regarding the Use of Natural Attenuation for Petroleum-Contaminated Sites at Federal Facilities
- Streamlined Risk-Based Closure of Petroleum Contaminated Sites Performance and Cost Results from Multiple Air Force Demonstration Sites - The report summarizes the results of streamlined risk-based corrective action (RBCA) assessments performed for nine US Air Force sites with fuel-contaminated groundwater.
- Overview of the Technical Protocol for Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in Ground Water Under Development for the U.S. Air Force Center for Engineering and the Environment
- Technical Protocol for Implementing Intrinsic Remediation with Long-Term Monitoring for Natural Attenuation of Fuel Contamination Dissolved in Groundwater Volume I (A324248)
- Technical Protocol for Implementing Intrinsic Remediation with Long-Term Monitoring for Natural Attenuation of Fuel Contamination Dissolved in Groundwater Volume IIa (A324247a)
- Technical Protocol for Implementing Intrinsic Remediation with Long-Term Monitoring for Natural Attenuation of Fuel Contamination Dissolved in Groundwater Volume IIb (A324247b)
- United States Air Force Guidelines for Successfully Supporting Intrinsic Remediation with an Example for Hill Air Force Base (A324238)
- Technical Protocol for Evaluating Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater
This document presents a technical protocol for data collection and analysis to evaluate monitored natural attenuation through biological processes for remediating ground water contaminated with mixtures of fuels and chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons.
- Designing Monitoring Programs to Effectively Evaluate the Performance of Natural Attenuation
- Treatability Study in Support of Monitored Natural Attentuation at Site S-1, Zone 5, Kelly Air Force Base, Texas. (February 1999)
- Aqueous and Mineral Intrinsic Bioremediation Assessment (AMIBA) Protocol
- Aqueous and Mineral Intrinsic Bioremediation Assessment (AMIBA): Example and Planned Development (512 KB) - Lonnie Kennedy (Earth Science Services), Jess Everett (Rowan University)
- Light Non-aqueous-Phase Liquid Weathering at Various Fuel Release Sites (September 1999) - This report documents a range of BTEX weathering rates for the mobile LNAPL fraction based on data collected from sites with documented mobile LNAPL plumes and known release dates. Also studied was the degree of contaminant partitioning of BTEX from mobile LNAPL to groundwater, and comparison of weathering effects on the mobile LNAPL fraction and on residual LNAPL present in the capillary fringe soils. Download the report
- Light Non-aqueous-Phase Liquid Weathering at Various Fuel Release Sites 2003 Update (August 2003) - This update report presents the results of work completed to evaluate additional analytical data collected to augment the original fuels weathering study performed for AFCEE in September 1999. The existing data set from the original fuels weathering study was augmented with newly-collected data from the previously sampled sites as well as historic and newly-collected data from several additional sites. The expanded data set was used to form a more robust database for estimating fuel LNAPL weathering rates. Both the original study and this update focus primarily on the weathering or natural depletion of BTEX from free-phase product (i.e., mobile LNAPL) following a fuel release. The BTEX compounds typically are identified as fuel hydrocarbon contaminants of concern because of their solubility and resulting mobility in soil and groundwater, and their relative toxicity (particularly benzene). Of primary interest for the study were JP-4 sites. However, spill sites with gasoline, JP-5 and JP-8, also were evaluated. Download the report.
- Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) - It's Movement and Fate in the Environment and Potential for Natural Attenuation (October 1999) - Although it has been shown that MTBE can be biologically degraded under aerobic, denitrifying, Fe(III)-reducing, sulfate-reducing, or methanogenic conditions, in many cases MTBE remains biologically recalcitrant. This report presents an overview of the physical and chemical characteristics of MTBE, summarizes the literature regarding its degradation, and provides recommendations for data collection and analysis in support of natural attenuation supplemented with long-term monitoring for restoration of groundwater contaminated with MTBE. Download the report or summary briefing.
- Natural Attenuation of MTBE in the Subsurface under Methanogenic Conditions (January 2000) - This report details a case study conducted by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Ada, OK, and the U.S. Coast Guard. Evaluates the attenuation of MTBE by comparing field and laboratory degradation processes. Download the report.
- Comparison of Predicted and Observed Plume Trends at Fuel and Solvent Contaminated Sites Technical Summary Report (July 2001) - This natural attenuation technical summary report was prepared by the AFCEE and Parsons. Over 45 natural attenuation treatability studies were performed from 1994 to 1999, in conjunction with researchers from the US EPA. Recommendations for remediation of these sites were based, at least in part, on modeling of natural attenuation processes to predict contaminant trends and plume dynamics. Model-based prediction of an extended time frame for remediation of a site by natural attenuation (e.g., greater than 20 years) was frequently the basis for recommending implementation of more expensive engineered remedial alternatives. Download the report.
- AFCEE Case Studies
Symposia
Symposium on Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Organics in Ground Water
The AFCEE, the US EPA and the US Air Force Armstrong Laboratory's Environics Directorate (now Air Force Research Laboratory) hosted a conference entitled "Symposium on Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Organics in Ground Water" in Dallas, Texas, September 11-13, 1996. Approximately 650 people attended, including researchers, field personnel from federal, state, and local agencies, and representatives from industry and academia. Papers presented at the symposium highlighted recent achievements in the use of natural attenuation at particular sites, new research on the efficacy of natural attenuation, developments in site characterization and modeling techniques, and the place of natural attenuation in the current regulatory framework. These presentations represent the state of the art in the use of natural attenuation as a tool in remediating hazardous waste sites.
Intrinsic Bioremediation of Groundwater
AFCEE also sponsored a Symposium on Intrinsic Bioremediation of Ground Water in August 1994. Although somewhat dated, the proceedings (2.5MB) provide valuable insight into the use of intrinsic remediation for fuel and chlorinated solvent-contaminated sites."
In addition, the USEPA's technical report titled Technical Protocol for Evaluating Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater (USEPA., 1998a) is based in large part on the work done by AFCEE (AFCEE, 1997).
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